Visual perceptual processes can detect local surface properties {surface texture} {texture perception} [Rogers and Collett, 1989] [Yin et al., 1997].
surface texture
Surface textures are point and line patterns, with densities, locations, orientations, and gradients. Surface textures have point and line spatial frequencies [Bergen and Adelson, 1988] [Bülthoff et al., 2002] [Julesz, 1981] [Julesz, 1987] [Julesz and Schumer, 1981] [Lederman et al., 1986] [Malik and Perona, 1990].
occipital lobe
Occipital-lobe complex and hypercomplex cells detect points, lines, surfaces, line orientations, densities, and gradients and send to neuron assemblies that detect point and line spatial frequencies [DeValois and DeValois, 1988] [Hubel and Wiesel, 1959] [Hubel and Wiesel, 1962] [Hubel, 1988] [Livingstone, 1998] [Spillman and Werner, 1990] [Wandell, 1995] [Wilson et al., 1990].
similar statistics
Similar surface textures have similar point and line spatial frequencies and first-order and second-order statistics [Julesz and Miller, 1962].
gradients
Texture gradients are proportional to surface slant, surface tilt, object size, object motion, shape constancy, surface smoothness, and reflectance.
gradients: object
Constant texture gradient indicates one object. Similar texture patterns indicate same surface region.
gradients: texture segmentation
Brain can use texture differences to separate surface regions.
speed
Brain detects many targets rapidly and simultaneously to select and warn about approaching objects. Brain can detect textural changes in less than 150 milliseconds, before attention begins.
machine
Surface-texture detection can use point and line features, such as corner detection, scale-invariant features (SIFT), and speeded-up robust features (SURF) [Wolfe and Bennett, 1997]. For example, in computer vision, the Gradient Location-Orientation Histogram (GLOH) SIFT descriptor uses radial grid locations and gradient angles, then finds principal components, to distinguish surface textures [Mikolajczyk and Schmid, 2005].
Surfaces have small regular repeating units {texel}.
Texture perception uses three local-feature types {texton}: elongated blobs {line segment, texton}, blob ends {end-point}, and blob crossings {texture, texton}. Visual-cortex simple and complex cells detect elongated blobs, terminators, and crossings.
search
Texture perception searches in parallel for texton type and density changes.
attention
Texture discrimination precedes attention.
For texton changes, brain calls attention processes.
similarity
If elongated blobs are same, because blob terminators total same number, texture is same.
statistics
Brain uses first-order texton statistics, such as texton type changes and density gradients, in texture perception.
1-Consciousness-Sense-Vision-Physiology
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Date Modified: 2022.0225